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[bugs][GDB Maintainers][contributing][current git][documentation][download][home][irc][links][mailing lists][news][schedule][song][wiki]GDB: The GNU Project Debugger
What is GDB?
GDB, the GNU Project debugger, allows you to see what is going on`inside' another program while it executes -- or what another programwas doing at the moment it crashed.
GDB can do four main kinds of things (plus other things in supportof these) to help you catch bugs in the act:
- Start your program, specifying anything that might affect its behavior.
- Make your program stop on specified conditions.
- Examine what has happened, when your program has stopped.
- Change things in your program, so you can experiment withcorrecting the effects of one bug and go on to learn about another.
What Languages does GDB Support?
GDB supports the following languages (in alphabetical order):- Ada
- Assembly
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- C++
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GDB version 10.1
Version 10.1 of GDB, the GNUDebugger, is now available for download. See the ANNOUNCEMENT for detailsincluding changes in this release.An errata list (PROBLEMS) and documentationare also available.
News
The latest version of GDB, version 10.1, is available for download.
This version of GDB includes the following changes and enhancements:
- Support for debugging new targets:
- BPF (bpf-unknown-none)
- GDBserver support for the following targets:
- ARC GNU/Linux
- RISC-V GNU/Linux
- Multi-target debugging support (experimental)
- Support for debuginfod, an HTTP server for distributing ELF/DWARF debugging information as well as source code.
- Support for debugging a 32-bit Windows program using a 64-bit Windows GDB.
- Support for building GDB with GNU Guile 3.0 and 2.2 (in addition to 2.0)
- Improved performance during startup through the use of threading during symbol table loading (an optional feature in GDB 9, now enabled by default in GDB 10).
- Various enhancements to the Python and Guile APIs
- Various TUI Mode fixes and enhancements.
- Other miscellaneous enhancements:
- Detection when attaching to a process of a mismatch between this process and the executable previously loaded into GDB.
- Support for default arguments for 'alias' commands.
- GDBserver support for the following host triplets has been removed:
- i[34567]86-*-lynxos*
- powerpc-*-lynxos*
- i[34567]86-*-nto*
- bfin-*-*linux*
- crisv32-*-linux*
- cris-*-linux*
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The GDB 10 branch (gdb-10-branch) has been created.To check out a copy of the branch use:
The latest version of GDB, version 9.2, is available for download.
This is a minor corrective release over GDB 9.1, fixing the followingissues: http://yaaofd.xtgem.com/Blog/__xtblog_entry/19358256-how-to-put-a-video-on-powerpoint-mac#xt_blog.
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The GDB maintainers are looking for contributors interestedin reversible debugging.
Late breaking information, such as recently added features, can befound in the NEWS file in the gdb source tree. Old announcements are in thenews archive.[bugs][GDB Maintainers][contributing][current git][documentation][download][home][irc][links][mailing lists][news][schedule][song][wiki]Please send FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to gnu@gnu.org. There are also other ways tocontact the FSF.
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| Deutsche Version |
Conversion and calculation − cross section < > diameter
● Cable diameter to circle cross-sectional areaand vice versa ●
Round electric cable, conductor
| Cross section is just a two-dimensional view of a slice through an object. An often asked question: How can you convert the diameter of a round wire d = 2 × r to the circle cross section surface or the cross-section area A (slice plane) to the cable diameter d? Why is the diameter value greater than the area value? Because that's not the same. Resistance varies inversely with the cross-sectional area of a wire. The required cross-section of an electrical line depends on the following factors: 1) Rated voltage. Net form. (Three-phase (DS) / AC (WS)) 2) Fuse - Upstream backup = Maximum permissible current (Amp) 3) On schedule to be transmittedpower (kVA) 4) Cable length in meters (m) 5) Permissible voltage drop (% of the rated voltage) 6) Line material. Copper (Cu) or aluminum (Al) |
| The used browser does not support JavaScript. You will see the program but the function will not work. |
The 'unit' is usually millimeters but it can also be inches, feet, yards, meters (metres),
or centimeters, when you take for the area the square of that measure.
Litz wire (stranded wire) consisting of many thin wires need a 14 % larger diameter compared to a solid wire.
Cross section is an area. Diameter is a linear measure. That cannot be the same. The cable diameter in millimeters is not the cable cross-section in square millimeters. |
| The cross section or the cross sectional area is the area of such a cut. It need not necessarily have to be a circle. Commercially available wire (cable) size as cross sectional area: 0.75 mm2, 1.5 mm2, 2.5 mm2, 4 mm2, 6 mm2, 10 mm2, 16 mm2. |
r = radius of the wire or cable
d = 2 r = diameter of the wire or cable
Calculation of the diameter d = 2 r, entering the cross section A:
The conductor (electric cable)
| There are four factors that affect the resistance of a conductor: 1) the cross sectional area of a conductor A, calculated from the diameter d 2) the length of the conductor 3) the temperature in the conductor 4) the material constituting the conductor |
| There is no exact formula for the minimum wire size from the maximum amperage. It depends on many circumstances, such as for example, if the calculation is for DC, AC or even for three-phase current, whether the cable is released freely, or is placed under the ground. Also, it depends on the ambient temperature, the allowable current density, and the allowable voltage drop, and whether solid or litz wire is present. And there is always the nice but unsatisfactory advice to use for security reasons a thicker and hence more expensive cable. Common questions are about the voltage drop on wires. |
Voltage drop Δ V
The voltage drop formula with the specific resistance (resistivity) ρ (rho) is:
I = Current in ampere l = Wire (cable) length in meters (times 2, because there is always a return wire) ρ = rho, electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance or volume resistivity) of copper = 0.01724 ohm×mm2/m (also Ω×m) (Ohms for l = 1 m length and A = 1 mm2 cross section area of the wire)ρ = 1 / σ A = Cross section area in mm2 σ = sigma, electrical conductivity (electrical conductance) of copper = 58 S·m/mm2 |
|
The derived SI unit of electrical resistivity ρ is Ω ×m, shortened from the clear Ω ×mm² / m.
The reciprocal of electrical resistivity is electrical conductivity.
Electrical conductance and electrical resistance ρ = 1/κ = 1/σ
| Electrical conductor | Electrical conductivity Electrical conductance | Electrical resistivity Specific resistance |
| silver | σ = 62 S·m/mm² | ρ = 0.0161 Ohm∙mm²/m |
| copper | σ = 58 S·m/mm² | ρ = 0.0172 Ohm∙mm²/m |
| gold | σ= 41 S·m/mm² | ρ = 0.0244 Ohm∙mm²/m |
| aluminium | σ = 36 S·m/mm² | ρ = 0.0277 Ohm∙mm²/m |
| constantan | σ= 2.0 S·m/mm² | ρ = 0.5000 Ohm∙mm²/m |
Difference between electrical resistivity and electrical conductivity
| The conductance in siemens is the reciprocal of the resistance in ohms. |
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| To use the calculator, simply enter a value. The calculator works in both directions of the ↔ sign. |
| The value of the electrical conductivity (conductance) and the specific electrical resistance (resistivity) is a temperature dependent material constant. Mostly it is given at 20 or 25°C. |
Resistance = resistivity x length / area
| The specific resistivity of conductors changes with temperature. In a limited temperature range it is approximately linear: where α is the temperature coefficient, T is the temperature and T0 is any temperature, such as T0 = 293.15 K = 20°C at which the electrical resistivity ρ (T0) is known. |
Convert resistance to electrical conductance
Conversion of reciprocal siemens to ohms
1 ohm [Ω] = 1 / siemens [1/S]
1 siemens [S] = 1 / ohm [1/Ω]
| To use the calculator, simply enter a value. The calculator works in both directions of the ↔ sign. |
1 millisiemens = 0.001 mho = 1000 ohms
| Mathematically, conductance is the reciprocal, or inverse, of resistance: The symbol for conductance is the capital letter 'G' and the unit is the mho, which is 'ohm' spelled backwards. Later, the unit mho was replaced by the unit Siemens − abbreviated with the letter 'S'. |
Table of typical loudspeaker cables https://downqload407.weebly.com/carbon-copy-cloner-catalina.html.
| Cable diameter d | 0.798 mm | 0.977 mm | 1.128 mm | 1.382 mm | 1.784 mm | 2.257 mm | 2.764 mm | 3.568 mm |
| Cable nominal cross section A | 0.5 mm2 | 0.75 mm2 | 1.0 mm2 | 1.5 mm2 | 2.5 mm2 | 4.0 mm2 | 6.0 mm2 | 10.0 mm2 |
| Maximum electrical current | 3 A | 7.6 A | 10.4 A | 13.5 A | 18.3 A | 25 A | 32 A | - |
Always consider, the cross section must be made larger with higher power and higher length of
the cable, but also with lesser impedance. Here is a table to tell the possible power loss.
| Cable length in m | Section in mm2 | Resistance in ohm | Power loss at | Damping factor at | ||
| Impedance 8 ohm | Impedance 4 ohm | Impedance 8 ohm | Impedance 4 ohm | |||
| 1 | 0.75 | 0.042 | 0.53% | 1.05% | 98 | 49 |
| 1.50 | 0.021 | 0.31% | 0.63% | 123 | 62 | |
| 2.50 | 0.013 | 0.16% | 0.33% | 151 | 75 | |
| 4.00 | 0.008 | 0.10% | 0.20% | 167 | 83 | |
| 2 | 0.75 | 0.084 | 1.06% | 2.10% | 65 | 33 |
| 1.50 | 0.042 | 0.62% | 1.26% | 85 | 43 | |
| 2.50 | 0.026 | 0.32% | 0.66% | 113 | 56 | |
| 4.00 | 0.016 | 0.20% | 0.40% | 133 | 66 | |
| 5 | 0.75 | 0.210 | 2.63% | 5.25% | 32 | 16 |
| 1.50 | 0.125 | 1.56% | 3.13% | 48 | 24 | |
| 2.50 | 0.065 | 0.81% | 1.63% | 76 | 38 | |
| 4.00 | 0.040 | 0.50% | 1.00% | 100 | 50 | |
| 10 | 0.75 | 0.420 | 5.25% | 10.50% | 17 | 9 |
| 1.50 | 0.250 | 3.13% | 6.25% | 28 | 14 | |
| 2.50 | 0.130 | 1.63% | 3.25% | 47 | 24 | |
| 4.00 | 0.080 | 1.00% | 2.00% | 67 | 33 | |
| 20 | 0.75 | 0.840 | 10.50% | 21.00% | 9 | 5 |
| 1.50 | 0.500 | 6.25% | 12.50% | 15 | 7 | |
| 2.50 | 0.260 | 3.25% | 6.50% | 27 | 13 | |
| 4.00 | 0.160 | 2.00% | 4.00% | 40 | 20 |
The damping factor values show, what remains of an accepted damping factor of 200
depending on the cable length, the cross section, and the impedance of the loudspeaker.
Conversion and calculation of cable diameter to AWG
and AWG to cable diameter in mm - American Wire Gauge
| The gauges we most commonly use are even numbers, such as 18, 16, 14, etc. If you get an answer that is odd, such as 17, 19, etc., use the next lower even number. AWG stands for American Wire Gauge and refers to the strength of wires. These AWG numbers show the diameter and accordingly the cross section as a code. They are only used in the USA. Sometimes you find AWG numbers also in catalogues and technical data in Europe. |
American Wire Gauge - AWG Chart
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| AWG number | 46 | 45 | 44 | 43 | 42 | 41 | 40 | 39 | 38 | 37 | 36 | 35 | 34 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diameter in inch | 0.0016 | 0.0018 | 0.0020 | 0.0022 | 0.0024 | 0.0027 | 0.0031 | 0.0035 | 0.0040 | 0.0045 | 0.0050 | 0.0056 | 0.0063 |
| Diameter (Ø) in mm | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.16 |
| Cross section in mm2 | 0.0013 | 0.0016 | 0.0020 | 0.0025 | 0.0029 | 0.0037 | 0.0049 | 0.0062 | 0.0081 | 0.010 | 0.013 | 0.016 | 0.020 |
| AWG number | 33 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 29 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 21 |
| Diameter in inch | 0.0071 | 0.0079 | 0.0089 | 0.0100 | 0.0113 | 0.0126 | 0.0142 | 0.0159 | 0.0179 | 0.0201 | 0.0226 | 0.0253 | 0.0285 |
| Diameter (Ø) in mm | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.36 | 0.40 | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.57 | 0.64 | 0.72 |
| Cross section in mm2 | 0.026 | 0.032 | 0.040 | 0.051 | 0.065 | 0.080 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.41 |
| AWG number | 20 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 |
| Diameter in inch | 0.0319 | 0.0359 | 0.0403 | 0.0453 | 0.0508 | 0.0571 | 0.0641 | 0.0719 | 0.0808 | 0.0907 | 0.1019 | 0.1144 | 0.1285 |
| Diameter (Ø) in mm | 0.81 | 0.91 | 1.02 | 1.15 | 1.29 | 1.45 | 1.63 | 1.83 | 2.05 | 2.30 | 2.59 | 2.91 | 3.26 |
| Cross section in mm2 | 0.52 | 0.65 | 0.82 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 4.2 | 5.3 | 6.6 | 8.4 |
| AWG number | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 (1/0) (0) | 00 (2/0) (-1) | 000 (3/0) (-2) | 0000 (4/0) (-3) | 00000 (5/0) (-4) | 000000 (6/0) (-5) |
| Diameter in inch | 0.1443 | 0.1620 | 0.1819 | 0.2043 | 0.2294 | 0.2576 | 0.2893 | 0.3249 | 0.3648 | 0.4096 | 0.4600 | 0.5165 | 0.5800 |
| Diameter (Ø) in mm | 3.67 | 4.11 | 4.62 | 5.19 | 5.83 | 6.54 | 7.35 | 8.25 | 9.27 | 10.40 | 11.68 | 13.13 | 14.73 |
| Cross section in mm2 | 10.6 | 13.3 | 16.8 | 21.1 | 26.7 | 33.6 | 42.4 | 53.5 | 67.4 | 85.0 | 107.2 | 135.2 | 170.5 |
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